Hydrogen peroxide is involved in abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure in Vicia faba. Plant Physiol. Free and total amino acids quantified in ANE. A similar trend was observed also for the expression level of a gene involved in ROS scavenging processes, namely Superoxide dismutase (SOD, Figure 7B). The final solution was diluted to 5 mL with water and an aliquot of 50 μL was dried under nitrogen stream. Consequently, they exhibited a significantly higher photosynthetic capacity, without showing relevant signs of photo-damage and photo-inhibition or significant reduction in the expression levels of photosynthetic-related genes. Plant J. 48, 909–930. Respiration of dark-adapted leaves (see above) was taken as a proxy for Rl (Centritto et al., 2009, 2011). Jithesh, M. N., Wally, O. S. D., Manfield, I., Critchley, T. A., Hiltz, D., and Prithiviraj, B. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-0238.2009.00057.x, Flexas, J., Ribas-Carbó, M., Bota, J., Galmés, J., Henkle, M., Martínez-Cañellas, S., et al. In tests involving Ascophyllum nodosum, F. vesiculosus, and Pelvetia canaliculata using whole seaweed homogenate, sodium carbonate extract, and ethanol extracts, all extracts showed significant inhibition of lipase, suggesting multiple bioactive agents, potentially including alginates, fucoidans, and polyphenols. (2014). Bot. Two genes involved in the regulation of the mesophyll diffusional constrains are the aquaporin gene Plasma membrane Intrinsic Protein 1;2 (PIP1;2, Figure 4B) and β-Carbonic Anhydrase 1 (βCA1, Figure 4C), which can potentially alter the rate of final CO2 metabolized at the carboxylation sites. Why we choose Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed. The efficient physiological strategy of a tomato landrace in response to short-term salinity stress. At higher light condition (1000 μmol m-2 s-1), a decrease of gs and an increase of WUE at T0 was still observed in ANE-treated plants, although at this light exposure the photosynthetic rate was reduced compared to untreated plants; however, pre-treatment with ANE still induced a higher tolerance of photosynthetic apparatus to drought stress (Santaniello and Scartazza, unpublished). The extract chemical composition of ANE in unknown, but it is very likely that several bioactive molecules are extracted together with carbohydrates and aminoacids. The electron transport rate (Jf) was estimated as Jf = ΦPSII × PPFD × α × β, where PPFD is the incident light intensity, α is the actual fraction of absorbed light and β is the distribution of light between the two photosystems (Maxwell and Johnson, 2000). An aliquot of 250 μL was placed in a vial, diluted with 600 μL water and 150 μL of trifluoroacetic acid, sealed and let it stirred for 3 h at 120°C. Troop Advance Canadian Sea Kelp for Dogs and Cats | All-Natural Vitamin … (2014). 96, 1275–1284. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation and associated metabolism in relation to water deficits in higher plants. Tree Physiol. doi: 10.1105/tpc.9.10.1859, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Allègre, M., Héloir, M. C., Trouvelot, S., Daire, X., Pugin, A., Wendehenne, D., et al. 89, 833–839. We tested the effects of a pre-treatment with Ascophyllum nodosum extract (ANE) on Arabidopsis tolerance to drought stress (Figure 1A). (2009). FIGURE 2. Each dot shows the mean ± SE of four biological replicates. An up-regulation of βCA1 was observed during the first 2 days of dehydration in untreated plants, followed by a strong decrease of expression level of both PIP1;2 and βCA1 at 3 and 4 DAD. Plant Biol. Biophys. The partial stomatal closure induced by the 5 days of treatment with ANE (Figure 2A, Time 0) caused only a slight and not significant reduction of CO2 assimilation rate (A) (Figure 3A) compared to untreated plants, while the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) (Figure 3B) significantly decreased. doi: 10.1104/pp.102.015255, Centritto, M., Brilli, F., Fodale, R., and Loreto, F. (2011). Front. For. PWC was determined as PWC = Wplot - (Wpoly + DWwicks), where Wplot was the weight of polystyrene plot with Arabidopsis plants, Wpoly the weight of the polystyrene plot and DWwicks the dry weights of the rock-wool wicks. Regulatory network of gene expression in the drought and cold stress responses. (2011). Improving water use in crop production. Drought is defined as one of the most limiting factors for plant growth and yield, which causes changes at molecular and physiological level. Response of plants to water stress. These genes codify respectively for a small subunit of Rubisco (Izumi et al., 2012) and for a protein that catalyzes Rubisco activation during photosynthesis (Portis et al., 2008). Acta 1817, 2158–2165. Ascophyllum nodosum, ext. 112, 119–123. Drought tolerance of ANE-treated plants was associated with a significantly higher water content of the plot/plants system throughout the treatment (Figure 1C). The sharp decrease in the expression pattern of both these genes supported the hypothesis that in untreated plants, differently from ANE-treated ones, the dehydration impaired the energy dissipation mechanisms provoking photo-inhibition and irreversible photo-damages at the photosynthetic apparatus. Nature 418, 671–677. Food Chem. Conversely, between 3 and 4 DAD, gm of untreated plants sharply decreased, maintaining significantly lower values than ANE-treated plants. 160, 1237–1250. When plants were exposed to drought stress, a difference in the expression emerged after 3 DAD, with the ANE-treated plants showing a reduced attenuation of the expression of RBCS1A and RCA when compared to the untreated plants. doi: 10.1021/jf062820m, Goñi, O., Fort, A., Quille, P., McKeown, P. C., Spillane, C., and O’Connell, S. (2016). (2009). doi: 10.1105/tpc.105.033043, Sonoike, K. (2011). Overall, our data indicate that pre-treatment with ANE could represents a potential tool for farmers to alleviate the damages of short-term periods of severe drought stress by inducing an improvement of WUE and stimulating the antioxidative and photoprotective defense systems. 26, 619–628. Transcriptional and metabolomic analysis of Ascophyllum nodosum mediated freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Agric. Opin. 2:53. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2014.00053, Demmig-Adams, B., and Adams, W. W. (2000). 30, 1284–1298. (1990). doi: 10.1093/jxb/ers164, Fan, D., Hodges, D. M., Zhang, J., Kirby, C. W., Ji, X., Locke, S. J., et al. Photoinhibition of photosystem I. Physiol. 6, 410–417. Our results suggest that drought stressed plants treated with ANE are able to maintain a strong stomatal control and relatively higher values of both water use efficiency (WUE) and mesophyll conductance during the last phase of dehydration. Hv-WRKY38: a new transcription factor involved in cold- and drought-response in barley. Pattern of expression level for genes involved in ROS scavenging and responsive processes. acids and oligosaccharides are strong mineral chelators and can help with nutrient availability/delivery. The role of the PsbS protein in the protection of photosystems I and II against high light in Arabidopsis thaliana. doi: 10.1093/jxb/eri056, Noctor, G., Mhamdi, A., and Foyer, C. H. (2014). Impact Factor 4.402 | CiteScore 7.8More on impact ›, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Japan. Estimation of mesophyll conductance to CO2 flux by three different methods. In addition, the lower expression of these genes, identified as specific drought marker genes, in the ANE pre-treated plants highlighted as the treatment induced a lower water stress perception. The late expression of NCED3 in untreated plants is suggestive of ABA biosynthesis, playing a late role in drought stress response in untreated plants. Nature 403, 391–395. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01794.x, Foyer, C. H., and Noctor, G. (2005). … (2011). doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141701, Araus, J. L. (2004). This trend changed when the drought stress started. Plant Physiol. Environ. The expression of two of the most common ABA-responsive genes, Responsive to ABA18 (RAB18) and Responsive to desiccation 29A (RD29A), was significantly higher in ANE-treated plants for all the 5 days of pre-treatment (Figures 2E,F inset). Free monosaccharide and total monosaccharides quantified in ANE. 115, 317–319. Gas exchange and fluorescence determination were carried out using the LI-6400-40 portable photosynthesis system equipped with an integrated fluorescence chamber head (Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE, United States) at the end of the treatment period with ANE (0 DAD) and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 days after the dehydration (1–4 DAD). 139, 267–274. Most of these processes are regulated by the activity of a drought-induced hormone, abscisic acid (ABA) (Assmann, 2003; Jakab et al., 2005; Cutler et al., 2010; Lee and Luan, 2012), which plays a key role in water stress responses (Shinozaki et al., 2003; Bauer et al., 2013; Ng et al., 2014) and tolerance (Nakashima et al., 2014). A diferencia de otras especies de algas pardas, … (1987). Curr. doi: 10.1038/35000315, Demmig-Adams, B., Adams, W. W. (2006). doi: 10.1093/jxb/42.1.1, Chaves, M. M., Flexas, J., and Pinheiro, C. (2009). Sea-K Kelp Extract (20kg) Soluble Ascophyllum Nodosum. Kelp Powder "Icelandic Kelp Blend" | 1 Pound | Organic Seaweed Powder | Maine Coast Sea Vegeta… MYB60 is directly involved in the regulation of stomatal movements, it is down regulated by ABA, and its induction presumably facilitates the stomata opening (Cominelli et al., 2005). For this reason, the potential priming role of salicylic acid, jasmonate, ROS and NO signaling pathways were investigated, by analyzing the expression analysis of genes involved in these pathways. The decline in the total mRNA level for both these genes suggested a possible reduced carboxylation capacity in untreated with respect to ANE-treated plants during the last phases of dehydration, supporting the hypothesis that damages to photosynthetic apparatus induced by dehydration were alleviated by pre-treatment with ANE. (2011). From 1 to 3 DAD both untreated and ANE-treated plants tended to close stomata in order to reduce transpiration, leading to a strong increase in intrinsic and instantaneous WUE. Water use efficiency (WUE) variation during the dehydration period. Plants were grown in polystyrene trays, containing 30 rock-wool plugs (Grodan, FL, United States) in hydroponic system (Gibeaut et al., 1997), changing the solution weekly. The partial stomatal closure triggered by the treatment induced a strong decrease of the transpiration rate, associated with only a slight reduction of net photosynthesis. 5:86. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00086, Paparelli, E., Gonzali, S., Parlanti, S., Novi, G., Giorgi, F. M., Licausi, F., et al. The mesophyll conductance (gm) was calculated using the variable J method, as described by Harley et al. doi: 10.1007/s11104-015-2736-6, Flexas, J., Barbour, M. M., Brendel, O., Cabrera, H. M., Carriquí, M., Díaz-Espejo, A., et al. Liquid Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract Our product Algadul, contains a high concentration of pure Ascophyllum nodosum extract (24% w/w), contributing nutrients and growth inductors to the … 42, 1–16. doi: 10.1007/s11104-008-9785-z, Moles, T. M., Pompeiano, A., Reyes, T. H., Scartazza, A., and Guglielminetti, L. (2016). The funder was not involved in the study design or collection, analysis or interpretation of the data. This would be of particular relevance for the development of new prototypes aimed to alleviate drought stress in crops. Ascophyllum nodosum extract (ANE) and chitosan (CHT) are biostimulants used to improve plant health. 29:425. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00425, Geerts, S., and Raes, N. (2009). Acid, alkali, combined acid-alkali with and without ultrasound pretreatment were investigated for extraction of protein from A. nodosum. Plants treated for 5 days with ANE (time 0) showed a partial stomatal closure, leading to a highly significant reduction (55%) of the stomatal conductance (gs) (Figure 2A), associated with an equally strong decrease (53%) of the transpiration rate (E) (Figure 2B) compared to untreated plants. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-22-8-0977, Anjum, N. A. (2008). AB, DDT, and AP produced and provided the Ascophyllum nodosum extract (ANE). Biochemical analyses of metabolite compounds are necessary to unravel the mechanisms controlling the ANE-mediated effects to drought. Plant Cell Environ. The direct derivatization of the extract was carried out by dissolving the prototype in water following by direct labeling with PMP as reported above. BioMed Res. The Ascophyllum nodosum extract was manufactured using a proprietary process at acidic pH. Plant Physiol. Improving WUE is one of the major goal for the future research to ensure higher crop yields against unfavorable environmental stresses (Flexas et al., 2016). doi: 10.1038/nature01014, Trejo, C. L., and Davies, W. J. New Phytol. Expression analysis of NCED3, nine-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 3 (At3g14440); MYB60, MYB domain protein 60 (At1g08810); RAB18, responsive to ABA18 (At5g66400); RD29A, responsive to desiccation 29A (At5g52310); RBCS1A, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit A (At1g67090); RCA, Rubisco activase (At2g39730); PIP1;2, plasma membrane intrinsic protein 1;2 (At2g45960); βCA1, β carbonic anhydrase 1 (At3g01500); PsbS, photosystem II subunit S (At1g44575); VDE, violaxanthin de-epoxidase (At1g08550); DFR, dihydro flavonol reductase (At5g42800); SOD, super oxide dismutase (At1g8830); APX2, ascorbate peroxidase 2 (At3g09640) and ZAT10 (At1g27730), were performed by real-time PCR, using an ABI Prism 7300 sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems). Manuscript, which causes changes at molecular and physiological level plants after 3 days of dehydration stress starting and... 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