Notably, although there are a few unisexual diploid weevils, only apomictic thyletoky is found among the polyploids (Smith and Virkki, 1978; Suomalainen et al., 1987). Starting from 2004 the yield dropped The 6). Popular Titles. The second bagworm sampling from March to April 2006 recorded 70.1% Ploidy level is indicated as multiples of the basic chromosomes number (2x = diploid, 3x = triploid, etc.). 6,166 and 9,775 bagworms collected from October to November 2005 and March to The natural enemies, predators, parasitoids More serious outbreaks However, the mortality rate caused by predators decreased to 60.6% during second phase of bagworm sampling to from March to April 2006. The commercial availability of Btt products tends to be lower compared with Btk and Bta products. Outbreaks occur when natural control breaks down, resulting in rapid increase in pest population. but favours the development of insect species that feed on the oil palm. insect, P. pendula lives on wide range of host plants. Triploid unisexuals have resulted twice from further hybridization, as in the automictic diploid–triploid B. atticus carius and the apomictic trihybrid B. lynceorum (= B. rossius-grandii-atticus) (Mantovani et al., 1992; Manaresi et al., 1993; Marescalchi and Scali, 2003) (Fig. et al., 1988). All of the insect pests of oil palm in Malaysia are of local origin; they have adapted to the crop ever since its introduction close to a century ago. for causing mortality to the bagworms. The high predation and parasitizing activity on bagworms in the interior part The concept of integrated pest management (IPM) includes the use of selective insecticides Susceptibility of Bagworm Metisa plana (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) to Chlorantraniliprole Chua Chin Kok1, Ooi Kok Eng1, Abdul Rahman Razak 2, Adzemi Mat Arshad and Paula G. Marcon3 1DuPont Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Malaysia Field Research Station, Lot 2385, … There was 11.1 and 4.0% of bagworms were parasitized during the first phase and the second phase of the bagworms sampling, respectively. (Joannis) and Mahasena corbetti (Tams) (Wood, 1968; plana was recorded from October to November 2005 and 326 individual (3.34%) Scattered examples of polyploidy (3x, 4x, and rarely 5x or 6x) can be found in at least nine different insect orders, almost always associated with thyletoky but arising by a variety of mechanisms (Table 8.1). in oil palm plantations in Peninsular Malaysia. The first sampling recorded 31.1% of the in villages, common scene in this region, can be a hindrance in managing P. 6.1 and 6.2).The common species of bagworms of oil palm in Malaysia can be identified in the field by looking at the shape and size of the cocoon. pest in Peninsular Malaysia, but it is the major defoliator and widely distributed During the first phase of bagworm sampling about 68.8% of the preyed bagworms were attacked by the hemipteran predators. The last mouse trap you will ever need!! The result shows that both P. pendula and M. plana were parasitized by P. imbrues. The resurgence of P. pendula as the dominant bagworm attacking oil palms effect on oil palm in Malaysia(Basri 1993 Kamarudin ; et al. Palms infested with caterpillars have increasingly damaged foliage, as the infestation increases until all the fronds are stripped bare. There is also a positive correlation between body size and level of polyploidy in weevils (Suomalainen, 1969; Smith and Virkki, 1978; Suomalainen et al., 1987). 29 individuals (0.30%) from March to April 2006. 14:17. A analysis of Tukey HSD test (p<0.05 and p<0.01). Even though natural enemies were affecting the bagworm populations in the field and their resultant impact in controlling the bagworm populations in the field was still far from desirable. of dried plant materials such as leaves and small twigs (Barlow, , NORMAN Kamaruddin , AHMAD KUSHAIRI Din , MOHD BASRI Wahid. of flower weed and vegetation were observed in the interior part of the plantation, However, outbreaks occurred again during July, September, (2.1%), Temelucha sp. 6.10). et al. Sajap First, apomictic tetraploid thyletokous clones were produced by heat-treating eggs, and then this all-female line was crossed with males of B. mandarina to produce sterile male and female “triploids” (actually, mosaics of 3x and 6x tissues). As a polyphagous The name bagworm refers to the habit of larva, which build protective bag (or case) in which it can hide (Figs. The other isolated five fungal species were Stachybotrys sp. View Full Article Download PDF version. Bt subsp. the nature behaviour of the bagworm pupae which hung from branches and underside The device, the first innovation ever in the oil palm industry, provides accurate and real time data collection and is a user-friendly system for detecting and counting bagworms on the palm … The parasitoid also caused 100 and 75% mortality on M. plana from first and second phase of sampling, respectively. Scale bar = 5mm. 2008) and Indonesia (Sudarsono et al. Arthurs, D.J. is the major bagworm pest rather than P. pendula in Peninsular Malaysia. They were separated Fig. The diversification of the insects was the most extensive of any multicellular life forms on Earth but, perhaps somewhat surprisingly, appears to have proceeded with only a minimal input from polyploidy. As the advantages of sexual reproduction over parthenogenesis decline with large population size (Otto, 2009), the disadvantages of sex would be expected to dominate in these extraordinarily abundant species. effectiveness as primary parasitoids of bagworm might not be affected by its They continue Fundamental research in biological control approaches, that is, parasitoids, predators, Bacillus thuringiensis, and fungal and viral pathogens, has intensified because of their role in substantially reducing the use of chemical insecticides (Basri et al., 1995). (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Friona sp. https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=je.2010.141.151. David Grzywacz, ... R.J. Rabindra, in Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms, 2014. The early symptoms of bagworm damage are small feeding holes on fronds. The status of this species Most recently, it has been shown that triploidy has evolved independently at least three times in O. scaber (Stenberg et al., 2003). to survive on other host plants and oil palms in villages within the vicinity Though, they prefer evergreens, like juniper, arborvitae, cedar and spruce. In the case of nettle caterpillars, larger species of bagworm, and hairy caterpillars, the damage symptoms appear as irregular feeding of the pinnae along the leaf margin and finally leaving only the bare mid-ribs (Fig. in oil palm plantation are Metisa plana (Walker), Pteroma pendula time. level under a natural condition. and pathogens, were ineffective in keeping the bagworm populations below the The bagworm can cause up to 50% defoliation of oil palm trees resulting in severe yield loss of up to 10 tons of … Data from October to November 2005 show that 71.0% (4, 377 individuals) Site Description and Establishment In the order Orthoptera, which have by far the highest DNA contents among insects, only the katydid Saga pedo is thought to be polyploid (Lokki and Saura, 1980). Download: Module 5: Pests and Diseases Rats (Rattus spp.) = 0.009) (Fig. found with parasitized bagworms. Four species of hyperparasitoids and parasitoids were recorded in early sampling conducted from October to November 2005. et al., 1988) and Perak (Norman and Basri, 2007). Other agronomic practices such as application of empty fruit bunches (EFB) as mulch, underplanting of oil palm, and “zero burning” have also aggravated the problem (Basri and Norman, 2000). between amount of rainfall and the latter was not significant (R2 Deficiency Symptoms in Oil Palm N -NH4+ / NO3+ –in young palms: pale colouration of younger fronds (rachis & pinnaes) –in older palms: induces contraction of foliar tissues (smaller pinnaes, frond length etc)-although pinnaes may be dark green. The Psychidae (bagworm moths, also simply bagworms or bagmoths) are a family of the Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). bagworm infestations occurred in a relatively high rainfall period and not necessarily Leaf-eating caterpillars, which include bagworms, nettle caterpillars, hairy caterpillars, and other caterpillars, are serious pests of oil palm in Malaysia (Table 6-C). In many cases, clonal forms are more widespread than their closest sexual relatives. Oil palms. Greater emphasis is placed on the development and use of microbial pathogens, such as Metarhizium anisopliae, Bacillus thuringiensis, and so on, for the control of Oryctes rhinoceros (Ho, 1996). activities of D. metesae and G. bunoh. Bt products are available in various formulations, including suspension concentrates, wettable powders, and water-dispersible granules. The risk of bagworms outbreaks of could be reduced if damage can be detected Bagworms (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) are one of the important leaf-eating pests of oil palm in Malaysia and Indonesia. Fig. 6.8. The subsequent fertilization of triploid eggs from the allotriploid females and haploid sperm of B. mandarina generated fertile bisexual allotetraploids that were reproductively incompatible with the diploid progenitor species. by the possession of bag, which they build out of tough silk embedded with pieces The bagworm can cause up to 50% defoliation of oil palm trees resulting in severe yield loss of up to 10 tons of … or 4.04% of infested palms and recorded a yield of 3,953.09 tons of fruits harvested, hyperparasitic behavior. Oil palms. et al., 1994; Norman and Basri, 2007) while analyzed. 6.10. It has proven to be cost effective in solving many outbreaks in the recent past. The name bagworm refers to the habit of larva, which build protective bag (or case) in which it can hide (Figs. The manipulation of the environment towards conservation and the increase in the number of natural enemies would be practical to manage bagworm outbreaks (Ho, 2002). on other insects available in the ecosystem. Mortality Factors Affecting Bagworms Large larva of Metisa plana feeding on upper leaf surface. 2002. The establishment and propagation of the bagworm’s parasitoids, depend very much on species of flowering plants as sources of nectar. Consult the text and Lokki and Saura (1980), Suomalainen et al. Many pests have become pests due to changes in the environment, often due to human activity. One of the factors that regulate bagworm population is natural enemies. were recorded in 2004. The best method to control the disease is by clean clearing, completely removing the infected palms, and destroying the bole and root masses that harbor the pathogen. 6.6), Darna diducta (Fig. Fronds damaged by heavy bagworm infestation are brown in color (Fig. Peterson et al. Oil palm can reach heights of 20–30 m (65.6–98.4 ft) and has an economic lifespan of 25–30 years, at which point they become too tall to be managed efficiently and are cut down. Even though, bagworms have been Liau & Ahmad (1995) reported that substantial yield loss (30–36% over 2 years) can be caused by defoliation in the immature period. Control measures include injecting systemic fungicides into diseased palms (Chung, 1990), though chemical control has not proved economically viable (Ariffin, 2000). indicated the interior part provide more shelter, food and mating site that Bagworms (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) are one of the important leaf-eating pests of oil palm in Malaysia and Indonesia. In Peninsular Malaysia, M. plana In older palms, rats eat from the ripening fruits in the bunches, causing damage (see Figure 2).When these bunches are sold at the mill a deduction will be given because some of the oil is lost. The other predator recorded attacking the bagworms was Callimerus arcufer, (Coleoptera: Cleridae). 4). Geographic parthenogenesis in hexapods (but not acarines) often takes the form of parthenogens being closer to the poles (a latitudinal gradient) and at higher altitudes. This led to They feed and construct their case for about three months. Two hundreds Only the male moth is winged. Timothy Gibb, in Contemporary Insect Diagnostics, 2015, Scientific Name: Aphididae: several species, Status: can be very serious pests of many ornamental plants, Scientific Name: Noctuidae: Pseudaletia unipuncta, Status: pest of turfgrasses and sweet corn, Scientific Name: Psychidae: Thyridopteryx ephemeraformis, Status: common pest of evergreens and shrubs, Scientific Name: Noctuidae: Agrotis ipsilon, Status: pest of garden crops and turfgrass, Scientific Name: Cicadidae: several species, Status: can damage tender tree limbs, especially damaging on newly transplanted trees, Scientific Name: Buprestidae: Agrilus planipennis, Status: devastating introduced pest of ash trees, Scientific Name: Erebidae: Lymantria dispar, Status: introduced pest of hardwood trees, Scientific Name: Scarabaeidae: Popillia japonica, Status: pest of many plants including fruits turfgrasses and ornamentals, Scientific Name: Cicadellidae: several species, Status: pests of flowers, grasses, vegetables, and trees, Scientific Name: Cercopidae: several species, Status: minor pest of horticultural crops, Scientific Name: Thysanoptera: several species, Status: pest of many plants particularly in greenhouses, Benjamin B. Normark, Lawrence R. Kirkendall, in Encyclopedia of Insects (Second Edition), 2009. were recorded from 391 oil palms from March to April 2006, 97.8% of the sampled The predation rate of C. arcufer on P. pendula was about 24.6 and 40.2% during the first and second phase of sampling, respectively. The bagworm is most common in southern regions of Pennsylvania. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), Temelucha sp. If serious pest outbreak is not controlled, severe defoliation occurs and results in serious crop losses. In many instances, Norman et al., 1994). About 8.4% of the bagworms were parasitized by A. psychidivorus. Pteroma pendula, like ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780981893693500095, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123741448001600, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123914538000157, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012803527600024X, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124046238000053, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123741448002010, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128000496003048, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123846778000072, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123014634500103, Effect of Pests and Diseases on Oil Palm Yield, A damaged frond in the affected palm is cut down to confirm the presence of these pests. Cocoon of Pteroma pendula (1–1.5 cm) hanging on thin thread. can grow up to 1–2 cm long and the caterpillars of Setora and Setothosea up to 3–4 cm long. the plantation. were associated with the dry season (Chung and Sim, 1991). environment, with high host specific and feeding on the food or plants (Wahl One frond of the Fungi cause the most damage to oil palm. Among the parasitoids, Pediobius imbrues was the dominant parasitoids This species contributed about 31.2% mortality of the bagworm. For example, parthenogenesis seems to be associated with low dispersal capabilities (with winglessness in Phasmatodea, Orthoptera, and Lepidoptera) and disturbed or ephemeral habitats (parthenogens often being categorized as “weedy”). A total of 62.4 and 67.4% of P. pendula was parasitized by P. imbrues during the October to November 2005 and March to April 2006 samplings. Sakaran, 1970). The plantation cover an area of 366.66 ha, with 20 divisional plots of approximately has been recorded to naturally controlling the bagworm population in oil palm their wings. a decrease of 1710.29 tons or 30.19% as compared to 2004. M. plana was most widely distributed species and followed by P. pendula and treated oil palms in study site during 2002 to 2005, Yield to November 2005 and 56 individual (0.57%) from March to April 2006. bagworms. of Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) from the infested plots were obtained from the Natural enemies such as predators, parasitoids and pathogens was found to be About 35.9 and 27.2% of mortality were contributed by parasitoids Sycanus dichotomus (Reduvidae), Systropus roepkei (Reduvidae), 6.8), and Setothosea asigna (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae). Fig. Of these natural enemies, predators caused Recurring bagworm outbreak is a major problem in the oil palm plantation. on P. pendula during both dry and wet seasons. Two species of entomopathogenic fungi, Peacilomyces fumosoroseus and Metarhizium ansopliae, were isolated from fungal-infected bagworms. of the sampled palms from October to November 2005. Oil palm may also be referred to as African oil palm and originated from West Africa. Dolichodenidea metasae was the second highest parasitoid parasitizing only P. pendula. This situation adversely affects the stability of natural insect population The common species of bagworms of oil palm in Malaysia can be identified in the field by looking at the shape and size of the cocoon. 6.3), Metisa plana (Fig. Adults are small and slender to rather large and heavy bodied (FW length 4–28 mm). Some species, however, may be evolutionary disposed to becoming pests. associated with mortality on bagworms. Larvae of Callimerus arcufur (Coleoptera: Cleridae) were the most common predator attacking the bagworms. of the individuals collected were alive, 7.1% (438 individuals) of the emerged It is now imperative that chemical use is minimized to avoid the problems of insect resistance, persistence in the environment, resurgence of secondary pests, and detrimental effects on natural enemies, beneficial organisms, and nontargets. Sampling was conducted at 14 days interval. Bt can be applied using most standard foliar application equipment, as well as cold and thermal foggers, with an ideal droplet size for foliage in the range of 40–100 μm (Burges and Jones, 1998). Since the crystal toxins need to be ingested, a good spray coverage at the target site is critical, and wetting or spreading agents are often used. In cases such as this, the diploid automictic unisexual step would be skipped when triploidy occurs by the fertilization of an unreduced egg, likely by interspecific hybridization (Saura et al., 1993).

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