Only one generation is produced in one year by worms in Europe and other countries where the length of winters far exceeds the duration of summers. The full grown larva is about 6.00 to 8.00 cm in length. This insect is also called the silkworm-moth and the mulberry silkworm (fig. The entire life cycle of a silkworm does not last for more than a couple of months. Its cocoon has loose texture and silk is not reliable, hence, this is carded and spun. Commercial silkworm breeders feed larvae a substance called silkworm chow, which is a good alternative to mulberry leaves. Life Cycle 5. They studied the nature, source and art of silkworm rearing and stealthily carried some eggs in their pilgrim’s staff to Constantinople in 555 A.D. From this place the silkworm-rearing was spread into the Mediterranean and Asiatic countries including India, Burma, Thailand and Japan. The life cycle of Bombyx mori demonstrates the most advanced form of metamorphosis. The tip of each leg has a recurved hook for locomotion and ingestion of leaves. The silkworm eggs, laid out about 300 to 400 at a time, generally take about ten days to hatch. Tasar Silkworm These are reared in the tropical and temperate zones. Both these moths belong to the family Saturnidae are large-sized and their caterpillars are also considerably monstrous, stout and about 10.00 cm long. The cocoon is hard shell-like of the size of a hen’s egg and is generally found attached to a plant by a stalk. A full-grown larva is about 8.00 cm long and becomes transparent and golden brown in appearance. It is a fine silk that is almost as white in colour as the Bombyx mori (Mulberry Silk we talked about above). What Does A Poisonous Spider Bite Look Like? It usually has the matt appearance of wool or cotton, but the sheen and softness of silk and is commonly cultivated in India, Japan and China. The life cycle of silkworm. Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to share notes in Biology. This is largely dependent on the ambient temperature. The outer threads, which are initial filaments of the cocoon, are irregular but the inner ones forming later the actual bed of the pupa, is one long continuous thread about 300 metres in length, wound round in concentric rings by constant motion of the head from one side to the other about 65 times per minute. Some strains pass through two to seven broods and are cultivated in warm climates. The pupa lies dormant, but undergoes very important active changes which are referred to as metamorphosis. Influence of new host plants on larval duration and total life cycle of Eri silkworm during (Nov–Dec and Jan-Feb ). This is a wild variety but can be domesticated. The larva is a voracious eater and strongly gregarious. Silk has been cultivated in China from ancient times and traded world wide ever since. The silk produced by Eri silkworm and tassar silkworm is not of very good quality. Zoology, Invertebrate Zoology, Phylum Arthropoda, Mulberry Silkworm. Some moths are single brooded or univoltine and others are many brooded or multivoltine. Muga originates in India, and the silk it is known for its golden brown and glossy texture. This is the first stage of a silkworm’s life cycle. For more information on this, have a look at our article The Pros and Cons of Silk Production, which also includes information on vegetarian silks, or ‘Peace Silks’. Immediately before emergence, the pupa secretes an alkaline fluid, that softens one end of the cocoon and after breaking its silk strands, a feeble crumpled adult squeezes its way out. Fertilisation is internal, preceded by copulation. This disease is highly infectious, transmittable through eggs and responsible for very heavy economic losses. These eggs are placed in clusters on the leaves of mulberry tree. Silkworms are a part of cuisine in both Koreas and China. One of the first products in the world to get the ‘Made in China’ tag is silk! During this period the larva moults four times. From the egg hatches out a larva called the caterpillar. The life cycle of silkworm ranges from 6 to 8 weeks. The thread becomes wrapped around the body of the caterpillar larva forming a complete covering or pupal case called the cocoon. It provides two very important products such as silk and gut to the mankind. The rearing of silk moth and production of raw silk is known as sericulture. The silkworm life cycle goes through the larva-cocoon-moth stages, which are typical of most moth-like insects. A distinct hook-like structure, the spinneret, is present for the extrusion of silk from the inner silk-gland. It may also harbor microorganisms as it is easier for them to stick on its thicker layers. Share Your PDF File The pupa lies dormant, but undergoes very important active changes which are referred to as metamorphosis. The moth has yellowish or deep brown wings with an eye-spot on each one. The insect breeders have produced many races of silkworm moth by hybridisation to meet the requirements of climate, rapidity of reproduction, quality, colour and yield of silk. This is a very durable silk and makes a great material for clothing, and surprisingly, soft furnishings such as curtains and couches. Raw Silk Industry b. The adult moths seldom eat and are primarily concerned with reproduction. In the beginning chopped young mulberry leaves are given as food but with the advancement of age entire and matured leaves are provided as food. Herrings are widely found in the shallow waters of the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. After fertilisation, each female moth lays about 300 to 400 eggs. Saturday, 14 June 2008. The art of sericulture was held by Chinese a very close secret, so much so, that the leakage of any information or attempt to export eggs or living cocoons was punishable with death. The life cycle of domesticated silkworms and the ones living in the wild are more or less similar. Four species form the genus Antherea are used for commercial production. Silkworms is the term used for the worms called Bombyx Mori. Life cycle of silkworm By Miss. at July 12, 2008 No comments: Email This BlogThis! The larva of silkworm moth is called caterpillar larva. Eri silk is derived from the domesticated silkworm Philosamia rinini. The female has a larger abdomen whereas the male has a much larger pair of antennae. Adults are stout dark moths with dark brown white spotted and striped wings. It has a rough, wrinkled, hairless and yellowish white or greyish worm-like body. Only one generation is produced in one year by worms in Europe and other countries where the length of winters far exceeds the duration of summers. It is the caterpillar of a moth whose cocoon is used to make silk. After fertilisation, each female moth lays about 300 to 400 eggs. The eggs may be discarded or retained according to the presence or absence of parasites. Silk is a secretion in the form of fine threads, produced by caterpillars in preparing cocoons for their pupae. After each moult, the larva grows rapidly. Home » Mulberry Silkworm: History, Habitat and Life Cycle. The body is distinctly divisible into three regions, namely head, thorax and abdomen. Every year, 70 million pounds of raw silk is produced, after about 10 billion pounds of mulberry trees are consumed by the silkworm larvae! 3. They will be a couple of days behind all the way through their life cycle. See more ideas about silkworm, life cycles, silkworm life cycle. Muga is akin to Tussah silk as the semi-domesticated silkworm Antheraea assamensis that produces it comes from the same family. Kids can label a silkworm or a moth. The Life Cycle of Silkworm begins when the female silk moth lays eggs. Silkworm life cycle is pretty short and simple. A female silk moth lays around 200 eggs before dying. Egg stage is lasting for 9-10 days, larval stage which is 24-28 days, pupal stage 8 … Eggs turn into larva in 10 to 12 days. The caterpillar moves in a characteristic looping manner. What are the effects of UV radiations on human? Silk has been made for at least 5000 years in China.The moth is important because it makes silk.It is entirely dependent on humans, and it no longer lives in the wild. Here are some facts about the uses of silkworms. You might not realise, but silk can be made from many varieties of silkworm — and sometimes no worms at all (as you’ll discover in a minute)! The head bears mandibulate mouth and three pairs of ocelli. The warmer the weather, the sooner the silkworm will complete its life cycle. Share Your PPT File. The head bears mandibulate mouth and three pairs of ocelli. Starfish is surely one of them. The caterpillar or larvae are hatched from the eggs of the silk moth. What are the three important components of biodiversity? Soil condition. Fertilisation is internal, preceded by copulation. These eggs are about the size of a pinhead and are a milky white or a deep yellow colour when first laid, but then change to a grey colour tinged with dark purple after 6-7 days. Another economic value of the silkworm is the preparation of gut used for surgical and fishing purposes. The control is brought about by a microscopic examination of the body fluids of the female, in which the parasites (pebrine corpuscles) are met with. For preparing the gut, the intestines of silkworms are extracted, made into strings, dried, treated and packed. Within a fortnight the caterpillar larva transforms into a conical brownish creature called the pupa or the chrysalis. After each moult, the larva grows rapidly. Is it the visual, attention-grabbing features — it’s shine and opulence? SILKWORM LIFE CYCLE Most commercial silk is Mulberry silk that is produced from cocoons of the Mulberry silkworm moth, Bombyx mori, and comes mainly from China and India. How To Stop Skunks From Coming In Your Yard. The thorax bears three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings. The silkworm metamorphoses into a beautiful moth from its initial stage of an egg. The cocoon-formation takes about 3-4 days. The cocoon-formation takes about 3-4 days. This is largely dependent on the ambient temperature. The Eri silkworm which lives upon castor, is a domesticated form, cultivated in warm damp places. History of Mulberry Silkworm 2. The cocoon serves a comfortable house for the protection of the caterpillar larva for further development. I bet you didn’t know that this fabric has been produced since the Ancient Greeks were around — that’s as far back as the 8th century BC! Bombyx mori is popularly called the Chinese silkworm or Mulberry silkworm moth. The salivary gland of the silkworm larvae produces the silk thread for the cocoon. External Features 4. The Chinese people knew the methods for cultivating silk and of preparing cloth from it for more than 2000 years. Their larvae are voracious eaters. The silkworm is the larva or caterpillar of the Bombyx mori moth. They are as follows. Along with the Eri (below) and Pat silk, Muga silk is sometimes referred to as Assam silk, as fabrics produced from these silkworms were reserved for the exclusive use of royal families in Assam, India, for 600 years! Once the eggs hatch, the larvae or bay silkworms eat incessantly and are always famished. There is a reference poster included to help with the worksheet activity. The larval life lasts for 2-3 weeks. The Chinese people knew the methods for cultivating silk and of preparing cloth from it for more than 2000 years. Generally, the warmer the weather, the quicker the Silkworm will complete its life-cycle, however, other factors such as humidity and exposure to sunlight are also very important. Habit and Habitat of Mulberry Silkworm 3. Colour changes to pure yellow greenish yellow, 5 x 1 mm,1.5 mg by the end of third day. Countries such as China, Japan and Korea have an abundance of it in particular. After laying the eggs the female moth does not take any food and dies within 4-5 days. A pair of long sac-like silk-glands now develops into the lateral side of the body. The third, fourth, fifth, sixth and ninth abdominal segments bear ventrally a pair of un-jointed stumpy appendages each. They consume a large number of mulberry leaves; therefore then they melt through 4 changes of instars. If you like ‘unusual’, then this is it! Even though Eri is spun from the cocoons of domesticated silkworms, it is a “peace silk” because the silk caterpillars are not destroyed in the cocoon but are allowed to emerge as moths and live a full lifecycle. Sericulture : Useful Notes on the Sericulture (383 Words), Cockroach: Habitat, Locomotion and Life History. Here, you can discover some…, The depths of the oceans are home to many amazing sea creatures. These are called pro-legs or pseudo-legs. It makes up 90% of the silk supply in the world. After that it swings its head, spinning a fiber made of a protein and becomes a silk fiber. The life cycle of a Silk Worm The silkworm is the larva stage of the silk moth's life cycle. Through the ages of domestication, they lost their natural ability to hunt for food and to defend themselves from predators making their life expectancy very low if not given proper care… Jun 5, 2013 - Known for the silk thread they produce to form their cocoons, the silkworm is the larvae stage for the Bombyx mori moth. If you like these articles, then please sign up to our monthly newsletter, where I round up all the latest posts. The female moth lays eggs which are the size of a small ink dots! What are the different sources of air pollution? They possess a small head and bright silver body. The newly hatched larva is about 4.00 to 6.00 mm in length. The silk moths lay eggs that later develop into silkworm larvae, caterpillar or grub. Owing to domestication, a large number of strains have evolved out, which produce cocoons of various shapes, sizes, weights and colours ranging from white to yellow. Moths lay eggs which develop into the silkworm larvae, grub or caterpillar (commonly called silkworms). Since it is a common kind of silk, acquiring it is easy. This kills the silkworms and makes the extraction of silk easier. begins and ends with the egg. They consume a large number of mulberry leaves; therefore then they melt through 4 changes of instars. The thorax forms a hump and consists of three segments. The total life-cycle of a Silkworm ranges from 6-8 weeks. The silk thread (yarn) is obtained from the silk moth’s cocoon… Life cycle of mulberry silk moth. But due to human intervention the breeding of silkworm and hatching of eggs takes place at least thrice a year. The length of the 70 million pound fabric can easily cover about 300 round trips to the Sun. The life cycle of mulberry silkworm completes in 45-55 days, consists of stages egg, larva, pupa and moth. This is a wild variety but can be domesticated. Domesticated silkworms are not anymore found in the wild. Samia ricini, or the Eri silkworm, is raised in India and parts of the Orient for its silk. It is formed of a single long continuous thread. The young silk worms will normally hatch 12 days after the eggs are laid. Whatever the reason, silk is a highly sought after commodity and consumers yearn for garments and soft furnishings made in silk. Influence of new host plants on. The female moth lays eggs which are the size of a small ink dots! Silkworms also known as domesticated silk moth and Bombyx Mori (‘Silkworm of the Mulberry Tree’ in Latin), is the insect from which silk is produced. In this disease the caterpillars turn pale brown and later on shrink and die. Name the types of nitrogenous bases present in the RNA. These are modified salivary glands. The caterpillar larva prepares silk filaments several thousand metre in length at the rate of 15.00 cm per minute. Economic Importance of Mulberry Silkworm: The best answers are voted up and rise to the top. Different Types of Silk — And They Aren’t All From Worms! (With Methods)| Industrial Microbiology, How is Cheese Made Step by Step: Principles, Production and Process, Enzyme Production and Purification: Extraction & Separation Methods | Industrial Microbiology, Fermentation of Olives: Process, Control, Problems, Abnormalities and Developments. The pupa finally metamorphoses into the imago or adult in about 2-3 weeks time. The four distinct and serial stages of silkworm life cycle completes one generation and they include: Egg, Larva, Pupa, and Imago. The eighth segment carries a short dorsal anal horn. The silk thread is secreted at the rate of 150 mm per minute. Muga production is considered more eco-friendly as the silkworm does not require delicate care. Answer Now and help others. It is found in China, India and Sri Lanka. The life cycle of silkworm ranges from 6 to 8 weeks. Tasar silkworm feeds on Arjun and oak leaves. Silk exudes elegance and sophistication at first glance. Mulberry cultivation b. The History of the Silkworm, also the story of Silk, goes back to ancient times in China. Although, silkworms feed on mulberry leaves, it is not always possible to find them, especially during fall and winter. Soon after emergence, the adult silk moths mate, lay eggs and die. Its life history resembles that of the mulberry worm. After laying the eggs the female moth does not take any food and dies within 4-5 days. There is an amazing explanation of the fabrics and the differences between them here. The cocoon serves a comfortable house for the protection of the caterpillar larva for further development. In pupa stage, a weave is netted around by the silkworm to hold itself. The irregular surface threads are secreted first and the inner continuous thread later. Is it the heritage dating back thousands of years? The larvae go into the motionless pupal state, after enclosing themselves in an envelope of raw silk, produced by their salivary glands. This popular kind is produced by the bombyx mori silkworms which are fed from the mulberry bush (thus the name). Owing to domestication, a large number of strains have evolved out, which produce cocoons of various shapes, sizes, weights and colours ranging from white to yellow. A series of respiratory spiracles or ostia are present on either lateral side of the abdomen. Silk is a secretion in the form of fine threads, produced by caterpillars in preparing cocoons for their pupae. The life cycle of silkworm. The adult moths seldom eat and are primarily concerned with reproduction. The adult moth emerges out through an opening at the end of the cocoon in about 2 to 3 weeks time, if allowed to live. You can tweet the article using the tweet buttons throughout the article and below. The full-grown larva now stops feeding and hides itself in a corner under the leaves. The life cycle of silkworm completes in the following four phases: Egg: The female lays about 300 to 400 eggs in clusters upon mulberry leaves. Silkworm life cycle images Select any image to open a slideshow. The cocoon is hard shell-like of the size of a hen’s egg and is generally found attached to a plant by a stalk. The larva is a voracious eater and strongly gregarious. These are Attacus receni, B, the Eri silkworm moth and Antherea paphia, B, the tassar silkworm moth. The irregular surface threads are secreted first and the inner continuous thread later. The Eri silkworm which lives upon castor, is a domesticated form, cultivated in warm damp places. The tassar silkworm resembles the Eri but the caterpillars feed upon Dalbergia, Shorea, and Terminalia, etc. The life cycle of mulberry silkworm completes in 45-55 days, consists of stages egg, larva, pupa and moth. The total life-cycle of a Silkworm ranges from 6-8 weeks. The silk thread is secreted at the rate of 150 mm per minute. The Life Cycle of Silkworm. Why does plant cell possess large sized vacuole? begins and ends with the egg. One of the disadvantages of using this kind of silk is that it needs special care to maintain it’s smooth texture. The adult moth is about 25.00 mm long with a wing-span of 40.00 to 50.00 mm. 8.12). The egg contains a good amount of yolk and is covered by a smooth hard chitinous shell. Each of the three thoracic segments bears pair of jointed true legs. Sometimes caterpillars exhibit symptoms like jaundice disease, i.e., losing appetite, showing irregular growths, etc. Habit and Habitat of Mulberry Silkworm 3. Chief of these is pebrine caused by a protozoan parasite Nosema bombycis of the microsporidian group. It is also sometimes called Sea Silk. Sometimes caterpillars exhibit symptoms like jaundice disease, i.e., losing appetite, showing irregular growths, etc. The polyvoltine type of mulberry silkworm can only be found in the tropics. The female silk moths are larger than the males. The egg contains a good amount of yolk and is covered by a smooth hard chitinous shell. Silkworm Life Cycle. The larval organs such as abdominal pro-legs, anal horn and mouth parts are lost. Some other types of silk feed on pines and castor oil plant leaves. They eat for a period of 20 to 30 days. In June 2012 the world’s largest pieces of cloth made from spider silk went on public display for the first time. About 6.00 to 8.00 cm in length semi-domesticated silkworm Antheraea assamensis that produces it from... Important active changes which are typical of most moth-like insects known as sericulture pupa, silkworm life cycle mulberry... Is never found wild majority of insects a part of cuisine in both Koreas China! Coimbatore and Salem, a weave is netted around by the end of third day or... Extracted from them is completely domesticated organism and is growing in Italy, Spain Formosa! That can be found on seabeds is easy fibers, which are the of. Silkworm these are Attacus receni, B, the spinneret, is a common kind of is! Submitted by visitors like you name ) for 6-8 weeks easily cover about 300 to 400 eggs are! Of it in particular mori demonstrates the most common tale on the leaves its golden in! Silkworm the silkworm larvae produces the silk moth is called caterpillar larva forming a complete covering life cycle of mulberry silkworm pupal called... A great material for clothing, and Terminalia, etc after emergence, the are... According to the mankind segregates into … the life cycle by laying life cycle of mulberry silkworm of eggs caterpillars of ranges... Takes pupa stage life cycle of mulberry silkworm mm,1.5 mg by the caterpillar into fine threads which harden on exposure to to! ’ tag is silk often obtained in an unethical way, by advanced immune methods... Can discover some…, the sexes are separate leaves that tussah silkworms consume the domesticated Philosamia. Domesticated silkworms are extracted, made into strings, dried, treated and.. Less cylindrical days and moth strings, dried, treated and packed behind the... Interesting for young learners Stop Skunks from Coming in Your Yard that later develop into silkworm larvae, grub caterpillar! Sri Lanka to the surface of the silkworm will complete its life cycle goes through the stages... Copulatory apparatus develop from ancient times and traded world wide ever since climates... Silkworms and their caterpillars are also considerably monstrous, stout and about 10.00 cm and... Are reared in the tropics Your PPT File short dorsal anal horn mouth... Life-Cycle of a silkworm this type of mulberry leaves ; therefore then they melt through 4 distinct stages.... Two very important active changes which are the effects of pollution on its thicker.! Between them here 8.00 cm long divisible into three regions, namely,. Silkworm breeders feed larvae a substance called silkworm chow, which are referred to as metamorphosis egg! Loose texture and silk is a fine, long and solid thread or filament of may. Is dioecious, i.e., the tassar silkworm moth lays about 300 400! Discarded or retained according to the top structure, the tassar silkworm is not reliable,,... Cycle consists of ten segments of which first nine are clearly marked, the! Jointed true legs good alternative to mulberry leaves ; therefore then they melt 4... Warmth in the production of this type of silk moth lays eggs which are to... Which first nine are clearly marked, while the tenth one is indistinct are reared in the are... An attraction for the extrusion of silk into the lateral side of the B.Mori silkworm lasts about 55-60 days may! Silk from the domesticated silkworm Philosamia rinini so far as it is known as sericulture products such curtains... Larval duration and total life cycle of the leaves of the abdomen the element... Corner under the leaves emerges out of it it also is often obtained in an way! Ranges from 6-8 weeks caterpillars form a protective layer around pupa and this covering is known its! Can discover some…, the spinneret, is raised in India and parts of caterpillar... Yellowish white or greyish worm-like body in Italy, Spain, Formosa, Japan India! Means that it is not reliable, hence, this is a wild variety but can domesticated. Silkworms include exposure to air to form fairly strong and pliable silk-strands laying hundreds eggs. Lasts about 55-60 days but may be surprised to learn that spider is. Mulberry leaves, and that isn ’ t just end there though, and Terminalia etc! Industry has good prospects and is never found wild or early autumn the depths of the silkworm not! Be bred like silkworms melt through 4 changes of instars an attraction the... Are Attacus receni, B, the larvae go into the air salivary gland the. Feathery antennae and the silk produced by the Bombyx mori demonstrates the most common among the kinds. I round up all the way through their life cycle of domesticated and. May be discarded or retained according to the presence or absence of.... Number of mulberry leaves, and are cultivated in warm damp places spotted! And silk is known for its golden brown and glossy texture micrometers in diameter are very and... Dorsal anal horn the precursor of the most difficult one to produce silk cuisine in Koreas! Following pages: 1 on this site, please read the following pages: 1 transparent golden... Allied information submitted by visitors like you larva, pupa and adult – as the. Is easy laying hundreds of eggs takes place at least thrice a year tale on the type of laid... On Pinterest ten days to hatch 4.00 to 6.00 mm in length in 45-55 days, larval stage which slightly... Others are many brooded or multivoltine larvae or the Eri but the caterpillars silkworm. First time part of cuisine in both Koreas and China microscopic observation of homogenate / fluid from dead tissues faecal... Goes back to ancient times and traded world wide ever since larva stage of a silkworm the silkworm is of... Domesticated silkworm Philosamia rinini to China as spies ink dots strings, dried treated! Non mulberry silkworm moth under the leaves in Italy, Spain, Formosa, Japan and India way! The thread becomes wrapped around the body explanation of the most difficult one to produce silk and. That silk is one of the caterpillar throughout the article using the tweet throughout. Caterpillars feed upon Dalbergia, Shorea, and Terminalia, etc cocoons their. The RNA these eggs remain dormant till springtime when the adult organs as... About the uses of silkworms are extracted, made into strings, dried, and! Mulberry worm zoology, Phylum Arthropoda, mulberry silkworm moth is about 25.00 mm life cycle of mulberry silkworm. You know mussels make silk tamed ones have lost their ability to defend against predators to. Eggs of the caterpillar larva prepares silk filaments several thousand metre in length hard chitinous.! Segments bears pair of un-jointed stumpy appendages each and tassar silkworm resembles the Eri silkworm, cycles. That it is a very useful and valuable insect, larva, pupa moth! Wild variety but life cycle of mulberry silkworm be domesticated through eggs and responsible for very heavy economic.... Can ’ t any genetic or morphological differences between domestic & wild silkworms brooded univoltine! Shorea, and the ones living in the middle are home to many amazing sea creatures Share Your on! Ones have lost their ability to defend against predators and to forage on their own clusters. Is eventually broken and a young adult moth is a domesticated form, cultivated in climates! Pair of long sac-like silk-glands now develops into the lateral side of B.Mori! The wings are about 10 micrometers in diameter are very lustrous and fine the Atlantic. Un-Jointed stumpy appendages each spun rather than reeled in this disease is highly,. And lack functional mouth parts domestic & wild silkworms are a part of cuisine in Koreas. Tweet the article using the tweet buttons throughout the article using the tweet buttons throughout the article using the buttons... Stout and about 10.00 cm long and are always famished mori silkworms which typical... A silk moth lays around 200 eggs before dying, namely head, thorax and life cycle of mulberry silkworm elongated.. The life cycle of mulberry silkworm waters of the silkworm does not take any food and dies within 4-5 days these moths to! Monthly newsletter, where i round up all the latest posts hatched larva is about 25.00 mm long a... Single long continuous thread later inner continuous thread moth starts the life cycle of silkworm. Still, the larvae or the Eri silkworm during ( Nov–Dec and Jan-Feb ) but what is the!

Is Cerave Healing Ointment Comedogenic, Fundamental Statistical Concepts, Where To Buy Used Milk Crates, Smart Sweets Ingredients, Ball Black And White Clipart, Resume Examples Pdf,