The canuts occupied the city of Lyon, and would not relinquish it until a bloody repression by the army, led by Marshal Soult. From 1801 embroidery became highly mechanized due to the effectiveness of the Jacquard loom. [16], The Silk Road toward the west was opened by the Chinese in the 2nd century AD. [24] The Greek word gave rise to Latin sericum and ultimately Old English sioloc, Middle English silk. "Soybean Sourcing and Production Program", "Green Power Leadership Awards 2008 Winners", http://fortune.com/2016/07/13/danone-whitewave-acquisition-2/, http://www.dairyreporter.com/Manufacturers/Danone-completes-acquisition-of-WhiteWave-to-create-DanoneWave, Twin Cities.com Pioneer Press, "Watchdog charges Target", "Grocers Irked to Find Out Soy Milk Not Organic", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silk_(brand)&oldid=992090805, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2010, Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Refrigerated soy milk: Vanilla, Original, Chocolate, Very Vanilla, DHA Omega-3, Organic Vanilla, Unsweet Vanilla, Organic Unsweetened, Plain Plus Omega-3 DHA(discontinued 2013), Light soy milk: Original, Vanilla, Chocolate. It was used as the generic name for fabrics produced using variants of that process until 1924, when the holders of Cross’s patent petitioned in the US to have the name restricted to their process, and the actual viscous liquid, which could also be used to make cellophane. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the silk shortage in France reduced the price of importing Asian silk, particularly from China and Japan.[57]. Silk Road, also called Silk Route, ancient trade route, linking China with the West, that carried goods and ideas between the two great civilizations of Rome and China. In the second half of the 15th century, drawloom technology was first brought to France by an Italian weaver from Calabria, known as Jean le Calabrais,[44] who was invited to Lyon by Louis XI. The fame of the master weavers of Catanzaro spread throughout France and they were invited to Lyon in order to teach the techniques of weaving. This route stretched 4,350 miles from Chang'an (today's Xi'an) to western China, central Asia, and even to Europe, enabling these regions to have better communications in diplomacy, business and culture. There are many diagrams that originate in the 12th and 13th centuries. Viens and La Bastide-des-Jourdans are two of the communes of Luberon that profited the most from mulberry plantations that have since disappeared. Many myths and legends exist as to the exact origin of silk production; the writings of both Confucius and Chinese tradition recount that, in about 3000 BC, a silk worm's cocoon fell into the teacup of the Empress Leizu. TRADES Accomptant - accountant Accoucheur - man who acts as a midwife Accoucheuse - midwife Administatrix( plural trices) - female administrator Since the Jin dynasty, the existence of silk damasks has been well recorded, and since the 2nd century BC, four-shafted looms and other innovations allowed the creation of silk brocades. Silk - Name Meaning. Polypropylene Prolene The Industrial Revolution changed much of Europe's silk industry. Silk indeed occupies a privileged place in history on account of this. Many also chose to settle in Avignon to furnish the popes of Avignon. The main road left from Xi'an, going either to the north or south of the Taklamakan desert, one of the aridest in the world, before crossing the Pamir Mountains. Over the years, improvements to the loom were ongoing.[46]. (Advanced Performance Textiles) - Developed by Texollini Inc., A.P.T. Silk, cotton and gilt-metal-strip-wrapped cotton panel, machine-woven in Scotland c. 1887. The religious adherence of those bearing the Silk last name is chiefly Catholic (99%) in Ireland. Silk is described in a chapter of the Fan Shengzhi shu from the Western Han (206 BC – 9 AD). Polyester . 2057), also known as the Customs Modernization or “Mod” Act, The first accepted image of a spinning wheel appears in 1210. [48], In the face of protests by the Lyonnais, he conceded and moved the silk fabrication to Tours, but the industry in Tours stayed relatively marginal. After the start of the Crusades, techniques of silk production began to spread across Western Europe. He had sent two Nestorian monks to Central Asia, and they were able to smuggle silkworm eggs to him hidden in rods of bamboo. [10] Little information exists about spinning techniques in use in China. In the 17th and 18th centuries, progress began to be made in the simplification and standardization of silk manufacture, with many advances following one after another. The silk industry in the colonies never became very large. China traded silk, teas, and porcelain, while India traded spices, ivory, textiles, precious stones, and pepper, and the Roman Empire exported gold, silver, fine glassware, wine, carpets, and jewels. In 1221 Jean de Garlande's dictionary, and in 1226, Étienne Boileau's Livre des métiers (Tradesman's Handbook) enumerated many types of devices which can only have been doubling machines. Free Name Report. tended to expand. [1] Scraps of silk were found in a Liangzhu culture site at Qianshanyang in Huzhou, Zhejiang, dating back to 2700 BC. This was about 24% of all the recorded Silk's in the UK. Around 1050, the theme of Calabria had 24,000, mulberry trees cultivated for their foliage, and their number The earliest evidence of silk was found at the sites of Yangshao culture in Xia County, Shanxi, where a silk cocoon was found cut in half by a sharp knife, dating back to between 4000 and 3000 BC. Following the crisis in Europe, the modernization of sericulture in Japan made it the world's foremost silk producer. [6] Wishing to extract it from her drink, the 14-year-old girl began to unroll the thread of the cocoon; seeing the long fibers that constituted the cocoon, the Empress decided to weave some of it, and so kept some of the cocoons to do so. [55] The punched cards of the Jacquard loom were a direct precursor to the modern computer, in that they gave a (limited) form of programmability. Nurolon. Using one single name for this intricate web of trade routes is a modern invention; the name Silk Road was coined by the geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen in the late 19th century. This finding predates the one found in Nevasa in peninsular India in 1500 BC. According to André Guillou,[29] mulberry trees for the production of raw silk were introduced to southern Italy by the Byzantines at the end of the ninth century. Under the Ming Dynasty, silk began to be used in a series of accessories: handkerchiefs, wallets, belts, or even an embroidered piece of fabric displaying dozens of animals, real or mythical. The Siberian Ice Maiden discovered from the Pazyryk burials was found clad in a long crimson and white striped woolen skirt and white felt stockings. The at home IPL machine is a great way to save cash on trips to the salon, and now i… Only around the year, 300 AD did a Japanese expedition succeed in taking some silkworm eggs and four young Chinese girls, who were forced to teach their captors the art of sericulture. Her yellow blouse was originally thought to be made of wild tussah silk, but closer examination of the fibers indicate the material is not Chinese, but was a wild silk which came from somewhere else, perhaps India. It is derived … Silk, bamboo, linen, wheat and rice straw were all used, and paper made with silk became the first type of luxury paper. In January 2010, the company introduced Silk Pure Almond, an almond milk, and its first non-soy-based product. [36] Two decades later, it's paying off. A: A.P.T. Trade Name . [5] Silk was used, for example, by the Persian court and its king, Darius III, when Alexander the Great conquered the empire. An epidemic of several silkworm diseases at this time, however, caused production to fall, especially in France, where the industry never fully recovered. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The start of the Industrial Revolution was marked by a massive boom in the textile industry, with remarkable technological innovations made, led by the cotton industry of Great Britain. Silk fibers are woven into different types of silk fabrics and weaves. OatMilk: The Plain One, Vanilla, Zero Sugar, Oatmeal Cookie Creamer, This page was last edited on 3 December 2020, at 13:10. [51] However, silk centers still operate today. The Silk Road is named after the lucrative international trade in Chinese silk textiles that started during the Han dynasty (207 BC – 220 CE). For more than a millennium, silk remained the principal diplomatic gift of the emperor of China to his neighbors or to his vassals. [50] The Canut revolt in 1831 foreshadowed many of the larger worker uprisings of the Industrial Revolution. For example, the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty imposed upon bureaucrats the use of particular colors according to their functions in society. [5] Scholars believe that starting in the 2nd century BC, the Chinese established a commercial network aimed at exporting silk to the West. Sassanid Persia controlled the trade of silk destined for Europe and Byzantium. Silk was made using various breeds of lepidopterans, both wild and domestic. [53] Nonetheless, the British climate prevented England's domestic silk trade from becoming globally dominant. The earliest example of a woven silk fabric is from 3630 BC, and was used as wrapping for the body of a child. This trade appeared to be extremely considerable that the main set of trade routes between Europe and Asia came to be generally known as the Silk Road; and silk was definitely the main goods that traded on … Raw silk was imported from Japan to fill the void. Your name of Silk contains many fine qualities: musical and artistic ... Is the name of Silk helping you? The brand has also enrolled all of its products in the Non-GMO Project's verification process.[10]. The Genoese silk artisans used fine Calabrian and Sicilian silk for the production of velvets.[33]. Silk was a common offering by the emperor to these tribes in exchange for peace. Irish (Galway): Anglicized form (part translation) of Gaelic Ó Síoda (see Sheedy). An illustration of spinning, winding, doubling, and throwing machines used in silk textile production in England, 1858. Hellenistic Greece appreciated the high quality of the Chinese goods and made efforts to plant mulberry trees and breed silkworms in the Mediterranean basin. [7][8] According to the Star Telegram and other news sources, Silk brand soy milk was made using organic soybeans switched to conventional soybeans while maintaining the same UPC barcodes and prices on the Silk products while replacing the word “organic” with “natural” on the Silk product packaging. During the Han dynasty, silk became progressively more valuable in its own right and became more than simply a material. [3][4][clarification needed] Silk has been a supporter of Farm Aid since 2002. Known since Roman times, silk remained a rare and expensive material. "[9], In China, silkworm farming was originally restricted to women, and many women were employed in the silk-making industry. Most common ones are Charmeuse, Chiffon, Crepe de Chine, Gauze, Georgette, Habutai, Organza, Raw Silk… Most common ones are Charmeuse, Chiffon, Crepe de Chine, Gauze, Georgette, Habutai, Organza, Raw Silk… Among them are pébrine, caused by the microsporidia Nosema bombycis, grasserie, caused by a virus, flacherie, caused by eating infected mulberry leaves or white muscardine disease, caused by the fungus Beauveria bassiana. Starting at the end of the 14th century, no doubt on account of the devastation caused mid-century by the Black Death, there was a general shift towards less expensive techniques. Paper was one of the greatest discoveries of ancient China. Soldiers may well have traded their silk with the nomads who came to the gates of the Great Wall to sell horses and furs.[12]. 2017. In the 20th century, Japan and China regained their earlier dominant role in silk production, and China is now once again the world's largest producer of silk. Mersilen (uncoated) Ethibond (coated) nonabsorbable, multifilament, synthetic; nonabsorbable, multifilament, synthetic . Punched cards themselves were carried over to computers and were ubiquitous until their obsolescence in the 1970s. Perma - Hand. The first diagrams of semple looms appeared in the 5th century.[27]. Polyamide (nylon) Ethilon . The kinds of products exported from China during the at-least-3,000-year history of the Silk Road changed over time, but silk was generally the most precious export. The rise of new imitation silk fabrics such as nylon and polyester have reduced the prevalence of silk throughout the world, being an attractive alternative due to their relative ease of care of low price; silk is now once again thought of as a luxury good, with much less importance than in its heyday. Silk was founded as Whitewave Foods in Boulder, Colorado in 1977 by Steve Demos, initially focusing on soy and tofu products. In 1466, King Louis XI decided to develop a national silk industry in Lyon and called a large number of Italian workers, mainly from Calabria. Many envisioned starting a silk industry in the British colonies in America, starting in 1619, under the reign of King James I of England. China also received Nestorian Christianity and Buddhism (from India) via the Silk Road. Fiber Trade Names and Generic Terms June 2006 PREFACE On December 8, 1993, Title VI of the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act (Pub. [59], With its recent economic reforms, the People's Republic of China has become the world's largest silk producer. The loom was declared as public property in 1806, and Jacquard was rewarded with a pension and a royalty on each machine. Sassanid Persia controlled the trade of silk destined for Europe and Byzantium. [15], Numerous archaeological discoveries show that silk had become a luxury material appreciated in foreign countries well before the opening of the Silk Road by the Chinese. Hill (2009), "Appendix A: Introduction of Silk Cultivation to Khotan in the 1st Century AD. Silk is a member of the Soyfoods Association of North America, (SANA) which provides information about the health benefits and nutritional advantages of soy consumption. More information is known about the looms used. Peasants, however, did not have the right to wear silk until the Qing dynasty (1644–1911).[4]. “The Silk Industry in Lyon, France.” Museum of the City. The import of Chinese silk resulted in vast amounts of gold leaving Rome, to such an extent that silk clothing was perceived as a sign of decadence and immorality. When examined closely, many similarities between Eurasian machines can be drawn. Even though some saw the development of a luxury product as useless, silk provoked such a craze among the high society that the rules in the Li Ji were used to limit its use to the members of the imperial family. They took the crops and silk production infrastructure, and deported all the workers to Palermo and Calabria,[35] thereby causing the Norman silk industry to flourish. Allusions to the fabric in the Old Testament show that it was known in Western Asia in biblical times. [43] Bobbins and warping machines appear together in the stained glass at Chartres and in a fresco in the Cologne Kunkelhaus (ca 1300). In the silk industry, the use of water-powered mills grew. In classical antiquity, most Romans, great admirers of the cloth, were convinced that the Chinese took the fabric from tree leaves. Pliny the Elder notably accurately determined where silk came from; speaking of the bombyx or silk moth, he wrote in his Natural History that, "They weave webs, like spiders, that become a luxurious clothing material for women, called silk. The adjective σηρικός is recorded in the 2nd century AD, found in. Waters, Sarah. Should be good for folks doing research in the British islands. Though silk was certainly the major trade item from China, many other goods were traded, and various technologies, religions and philosophies, as well as the bubonic plague (the "Black Death"), also traveled along the Silk Routes. Catanzaro became the lace capital of Europe with a large silkworm breeding facility that produced all the laces and linens used in the Vatican. Synonyms for silk include fibre, fiber, taffeta, thread, tulle, mantua, pongee, samite, tussah and tussore. Though silk was exported to foreign countries in great amounts, sericulture remained a secret that the Chinese carefully guarded; consequently, other cultures developed their own accounts and legends as to the source of the fabric. Japanese production is now marginal, at only 2500 tonnes. 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The silk industry, however, did not gain any benefit from innovations in spinning, as silk is naturally already a thread. The instruments used were further perfected in Bologna between 1270 and 1280. During the later epoch, the knowledge of silk production was spread outside of China, with the Koreans, the Japanese and, later, the Indian people gaining knowledge of sericulture and silk fabric production. Researchers have found an early example of writing done on silk paper in the tomb of a marchioness, who died around 168[vague], in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan. It speaks of two types of loom that leave the worker's arms free: the drawloom, which is of Eurasian origin, and the pedal loom which is attributed to East Asian origins. [21] The main traders during Antiquity were the Indian and Bactrian traders, then from the 5th to the 8th century AD the Sogdian traders, then afterward the Arab and Persian traders. Mulberry silk is the most popular type of silk and also the highest quality available for … According to certain historians, the first Roman contact with silk was that of the legions of the governor of Syria, Crassus. Later, Joseph-Marie Jacquard improved on the designs of Falcon and Vaucanson, introducing the revolutionary Jacquard loom, which allowed a string of punched cards to be processed mechanically in the correct sequence. The term 'Silk Road' in a narrow sense refers to an ancient overland trade route formed in the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC – 9 AD). It was used to pay government officials and compensate citizens who were particularly worthy. [26] The magnificence of the Byzantine techniques was not a result of the manufacturing process, but instead of the meticulous attention paid to the execution and decorations. In the middle of the 17th century, over 14,000 looms were used in Lyon, and the silk industry fed a third of the city's population.[50]. The sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204 brought decline to the city and its silk industry, and many artisans left the city in the early 13th century. Following the example of the wealthy Italian city-states of the era, such as Venice, Florence, and Lucca, which had become the center of the luxury-textile industry, Lyon obtained a similar function in the French market. English: metonymic occupational name for a silk merchant, from Middle English selk (e), silk (e) ‘silk’. These fashion accessories remained associated with a particular position: there was specific headgear for warriors, for judges, for nobles, and others for religious use. The cocoons are soaked and the silk is wound on spools. The women of high Chinese society heeded codified practices and used silk in their garments to which they added countless motifs. [37] With the loss of many Italian trading posts in the Orient, the import of Chinese styles drastically declined. [1], The military payrolls tell us that soldiers were paid in bundles of plain silk textiles, which circulated as currency in Han times. In its early years, there were often disparities in technological innovation between different stages of fabric manufacture, which encouraged complementary innovations. Start studying Fabric Trade Names- Natural & Synthetic. In 2013, WhiteWave Foods separated from Dean Foods, and became an independent, publicly traded company. Knowledge of silk production eventually left China via the heir of a princess who was promised to a prince of Khotan, likely around the early 1st century AD. Having observed the life of the silkworm on the recommendation of her husband, the Yellow Emperor, she began to instruct her entourage in the art of raising silkworms - sericulture. The Nung Sang Chi Yao, or Fundamentals of Agriculture and Sericulture, compiled around 1210, is rich with pictures and descriptions, many pertaining to silk. Catherine Jolivet-Lévy et Jean-Pierre Sodini, "Byzance". Some of the other goods traded included luxuries such as silk, satin, hemp and other fine fabrics, musk, other perfumes, spices, medicines, jewels, glassware, and even rhubarb, as well as slaves.[21]. The Roman Senate tried in vain to prohibit the wearing of silk, for economic reasons as well as moral ones. Prior to that, there was no singular term for the trade routes that spanned Europe and Asia. Chinese sources claim the existence of a machine to unwind silkworm cocoons in 1090. Twig frames for the silkworms are prepared. They linked to Antioch and the coasts of the Mediterranean, about one year's travel from Xi'an. During the Second World War, silk supplies from Japan were cut off, so western countries were forced to find substitutes. For example, silk has been found in the Valley of the Kings in a tomb of a mummy dating from 1070 BC. Beginning in the 3rd century BC, paper was made in all sizes with various materials. Silk went westward, and wools, gold, and silver went east. The species was identified as Bombyx mori, the domesticated silkworm. [2] Developments in manufacturing technique also began to take place during the Middle Ages (5th to 15th centuries) in Europe, with devices such as the spinning wheel first appearing at this time. The silk textiles of Catanzaro were not only sold at the kingdom's markets, they were also exported to Venice, France, Spain and England.[38]. While wild silks were produced in many countries, there is no doubt that the Chinese were the first to begin production on such a large scale, having the most effective species for silk production, the Bombyx mandarina and its domesticated descendant B. mori. 466-467. Some areas, including Spitalfields saw many high-quality silk workshops spring up, their products distinct from continental silk largely by the colors used. Silk - in the form of the thread, woven cloth, and finished products - was thus exported via middlemen (no single trader ever travelled the lengt… Many things which would have earlier been completely forbidden by the guilds were now commonplace (using low-quality wool, carding, etc.). [4], For approximately a millennium, the right to wear silk was reserved for the emperor and the highest dignitaries. Fragments of a primitive loom can also be seen from the sites of Hemudu culture in Yuyao, Zhejiang, dated to about 4000 BC. Synthetic fibers such as nylon were used in products such as parachutes and stockings, replacing silk. [4] The use of silk became so important that the character for silk (糸) soon constituted one of the principal radicals of Chinese script. [4] A 17th-century work, Jin Ping Mei, gives a description of one such motif: Golden lotus having a quilted backgammon pattern, double-folded, adorned with savage geese pecking at a landscape of flowers and roses; the dress' right figure had a floral border with buttons in the form of bees or chrysanthemums.[4]. The silk road consisted of many cities so it would be improper to not include Africa or its cities. Silk is an American brand of dairy-substitute products (including soy milk, soy yogurt, almond milk, almond yogurt, cashew milk, coconut milk, oat milk,and other dairy-alternative products) owned by Danone North America (formerly WhiteWave Foods). [32], While the cultivation of mulberry was moving first steps in Northern Italy, silk made in Calabria reached a peak of 50% of the whole Italian/European production. The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes, formally established during the Han Dynasty of China, which linked the regions of the ancient world in commerce between 130 BCE-1453 CE.As the Silk Road was not a single thoroughfare from east to west, the term 'Silk Routes’ has become increasingly favored by historians, though 'Silk Road’ is the more common and recognized name. [13][14] The analysis of the silk fibres shows presence of reeling and sericulture. [41], At the start of the 13th century, a primitive form of milling the silk threads was already in use. Strabo 11.11.1, 15.1.34. [45] He introduced a new kind of machine which was able to work the yarns faster and more precisely. Of the producers of silk in the world, China produces 70% of it, with the other more than 20 countries producing 30%. [47] These materials were used for clothing, and garment production began to be done locally. Silk Name Meaning. A second revolt, similar to the first, took place in 1834. Italian silk cloth was very expensive, as much a result of the cost of the raw material as of the production costs. Muthesius, Anna, "Silk in the Medieval World". [56] For many years, Pasteur thought that pébrine was not a contagious disease. The silk trade hit as far as the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Europe, and North Africa. Find more similar words at wordhippo.com! Anne Kraatz, Marie Risselin-Steenebrugen, Toshiharu Furusawa, "The history of Sericulture in Japan – The old and innovative technique for Industry-", Center for Bioresource Field Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology (, "Métiers agricoles - Magnaniers", Institut supérieur de l'agroalimentaire, China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou, China (中国丝绸博物馆), This page was last edited on 3 December 2020, at 18:01.

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