The newly conquered territory became New Spain, headed by a viceroy who answered to the king of Spain via the Council of the Indies. [209] After founding Puerto de Caballos, Gil Gónzalez sailed west along the coast to the Amatique Bay, and founded a Spanish settlement somewhere near the Dulce River, within modern-day Guatemala, which he named San Gil de Buena Vista. From Totonicapán the expedition headed north to Momostenango, although it was delayed by heavy rains. Estudio antropológico sobre una santa popular guatemalteca: aldea El Trapiche, municipio de El Adelanto, departamento de Jutiapa", "Topoxte and Tayasal: Ethnohistory in Archaeology", "Zaculeu: Ciudad Postclásica en las Tierras Altas Mayas de Guatemala", Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala, "The Ancient Cakchiquel Capital of Iximche", University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, "Reseña Historia del Municipio de San Mateo Ixtatán, Huehuetenango", "Qnaabʼila bʼix Qnaʼbʼila, Our thoughts and our feelings: Maya-Mam women's struggles in San Ildefonso Ixtahuacán", "La ciudadanía del pueblo chuj en México: Una dialéctica negativa de identidades", "Surviving Conquest: The Maya of Guatemala in Historical Perspective", "Módulo pedagógico para desarrollo turístico dirigido a docentes y estudiantes del Instituto Mixto de Educación Básica por Cooperativa de Enseñanza, Pasaco, Jutiapa", "Segundo Asiento Oficial de la Ciudad según Acta", "Excavaciones arqueológicas en la Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad de Chiquimula de la Sierra: Rescate del nombre y el prestigio de una iglesia olvidada", "Plan de Desarrollo San Agustín Acasaguastlán El Progreso 2011–2025", History of the Spanish Conquest of Yucatan and of the Itzas, Independence of Spanish continental Americas, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France, Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala&oldid=987677241, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Independent indigenous kingdoms and city-states, including those of the, Spanish allies scout Soconusco and receive delegations from the Kʼicheʼ and Kaqchikel, Retalhuleu, Suchitepéquez, Quetzaltenango, Totonicapán and El Quiché, Battle of Zapotitlán, Spanish victory over the Kʼicheʼ, First battle of Quetzaltenango results in the death of the Kʼicheʼ lord Tecun Uman, Spanish under Pedro de Alvarado raze Qʼumarkaj, capital of the Kʼicheʼ, Spanish enter Iximche and ally themselves with the Kaqchikel, Spanish defeat the Tzʼutujil in battle on the shores of Lake Atitlán, Pedro de Alvarado defeats the Pipil of Panacal or Panacaltepeque near Izcuintepeque, Pedro de Alvarado defeats the Xinca of Atiquipaque, Iximche declared first colonial capital of Guatemala, Kaqchikel abandon Iximche and break alliance, The Poqomam capital falls to Pedro de Alvarado, Zaculeu, capital of the Mam, surrenders to Gonzalo de Alvarado y Contreras after a lengthy siege, Spanish captains sent by Alvarado conquer Chiquimula, Spanish abandon their capital at Tecpán Guatemala, Ixil and Uspantek surrender to the Spanish, Juan de León y Cardona founds San Marcos and San Pedro Sacatepéquez, First reductions of the Chuj and Qʼanjobʼal, Reduction of Topiltepeque and Lakandon Chʼol, Franciscan missionaries arrive at Nojpetén, capital of the Itzá, Further missionary expeditions to Nojpetén, Reduction of San Mateo Ixtatán and Santa Eulalia, Melchor Rodríguez Mazariegos leaves Huehuetenango, leading an expedition against the Lacandón, Franciscan friar Andrés de Avendaño attempts to convert the Itzá, Spanish expeditions leave simultaneously from Cobán, San Mateo Ixtatán and Ocosingo against the Lacandón, Andrés de Avendaño forced to flee Nojpetén, Nojpetén falls to the Spanish after a fierce battle, This page was last edited on 8 November 2020, at 15:53. [21] A single soldier arriving in Mexico in 1520 was carrying smallpox and thus initiated the devastating plagues that swept through the native populations of the Americas. [83] Pedro de Alvarado, in his third letter to Hernán Cortés, describes the death of one of the four lords of Qʼumarkaj upon the approach to Quetzaltenango. 103–104. Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 763. Pedro de Alvarado arrived in Guatemala from the newly conquered Mexico in early 1524, commanding a mixed force of Spanish conquistadors and native allies, mostly from Tlaxcala and Cholula. [73] Pedro de Alvarado was infamous for the massacre of Aztec nobles in Tenochtitlan and, according to Bartolomé de las Casas, he committed further atrocities in the conquest of the Maya kingdoms in Guatemala. [70] At the time of the fall of Nojpetén in 1697, there are estimated to have been 60,000 Maya living around Lake Petén Itzá, including a large number of refugees from other areas. He went to Hispaniola (1510), sailed in the expedition (1518) of Juan de Grijalva, and was the chief lieutenant of Hernán Cortés in the conquest of Mexico. The Chʼol of the Lacandon Jungle were resettled in Huehuetenango in the early 18th century. These diseases, together with typhus and yellow fever, had a major impact on Maya populations. Further Qʼanjobʼal reducciones were in place at San Pedro Soloma, San Juan Ixcoy and San Miguel Acatán by 1560. The Franciscan friar Andrés de Avendaño oversaw a second attempt to overcome the Itza in 1695, convincing the Itza king that the Kʼatun 8 Ajaw, a twenty-year Maya calendrical cycle beginning in 1696 or 1697, was the right time for the Itza to finally embrace Christianity and to accept the king of Spain as overlord. [100] The Spanish only stayed briefly in Iximche before continuing through Atitlán, Escuintla and Cuscatlán. [116] The Spanish abandoned Tecpán in 1527, because of the continuous Kaqchikel attacks, and moved to the Almolonga Valley to the east, refounding their capital on the site of today's San Miguel Escobar district of Ciudad Vieja, near Antigua Guatemala. [80] Although the common view is that the Kʼicheʼ prince Tecun Uman died in the later battle near Olintepeque, the Spanish accounts are clear that at least one and possibly two of the lords of Qʼumarkaj died in the fierce battles upon the initial approach to Quetzaltenango. Newson 1986, 2007, p. 145. [7] Pedro de Portocarrero was a nobleman who joined the initial invasion. Ten days later the Spanish declared war on the Kaqchikel. Ortiz Flores 2008. [207], Gil González Dávila set out from the Caribbean island of Hispaniola early in 1524,[208] with the intention of exploring the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua. Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas wrote a highly critical account of the Spanish conquest of the Americas and included accounts of some incidents in Guatemala. [185] Cortés constructed an improvised brigantine and, accompanied by canoes, he ascended the Dulce River to Lake Izabal, with about 40 Spaniards, and a number of Indians. [24] Alvarado's army left Tenochtitlan at the beginning of the dry season, sometime between the second half of November and December 1523. It is estimated that for every Spaniard on the field of battle, there were at least 10 native auxiliaries. Caso Barrera and Aliphat 2007, p. 52. When did organ music become associated with baseball? Warriors were ordered to be gathered from each of the Mexica and Tlaxcaltec towns. Alvarado himself launched the second assault with 200 Tlaxcalan allies but was also beaten back. Those who managed to retreat down the neighbouring valley were ambushed by Spanish cavalry who had been posted to block the exit from the cave, the survivors were captured and brought back to the city. Recinos 1986, p. 110. del Águila Flores 2007, p. 38. [195], Pedro Orozco,[nb 10] the leader of the Sacatepéquez Mam of San Marcos department, lent willing help to the Dominicans in their campaign to peacefully subject the inhabitants of Verapaz. Alvarado wrote that they sent 4000 warriors to assist him, although the Kaqchikel recorded that they sent only 400. [223] The Itza and Kowoj kings (Ajaw Kan Ekʼ and Aj Kowoj) were soon captured, together with other Maya nobles and their families. Lovell 2005, p. 58. [147] The Spanish army then marched east toward Uspantán itself; Arias then received notice that the acting governor of Guatemala, Francisco de Orduña, had deposed him as magistrate. [110], Pedro de Alvarado rapidly began to demand gold in tribute from the Kaqchikels, souring the friendship between the two peoples. Kaybʼil Bʼalam had received news of the Spanish advance and had withdrawn to his fortress at Zaculeu. [186], The Dominicans established themselves in Xocolo on the shore of Lake Izabal in the mid-16th century. [23] Hernán Cortés received reports of rich, populated lands to the south and dispatched Pedro de Alvarado to investigate the region. Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63), Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63), Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España, Brevísima Relación de la Destrucción de las Indias, body armour in the form of quilted cotton, "Tracing the "Enigmatic" Late Postclassic Nahua-Pipil (A.D. 1200–1500): Archaeological Study of Guatemalan South Pacific Coast", "Historia y Evolución del Curato de San Pedro Sacatepéquez San Marcos, desde su origen hasta 1848", "Relaciones de Verapaz y las Tierras Bajas Mayas Centrales en el siglo XVII", Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, "El Santo Ángel. Pedro Alvarado of Parral, Chihuahua = There needs to be disambiguation in between Pedro de Alvarado subject of this article and the Parral, Chihuahua silver mining millionaire Pedro Alvarado of the late 19th and early 20th century. His family was quite wealthy and prominent. As Alvarado left the Aztec capital, he led about 400 Spanish and approximately 200 Tlaxcaltec and Cholultec warriors and 100 Mexica, meeting up with the gathered reinforcements on the way. [14], Accounts of the conquest as seen from the point of view of the defeated highland Maya kingdoms are included in a number of indigenous documents, including the Annals of the Kaqchikels, which includes the Xajil Chronicle describing the history of the Kaqchikel from their mythical creation down through the Spanish conquest and continuing to 1619. [138] Chimalapa, Gualán and Usumatlán were all satellite settlements of Acasaguastlán. The Spanish viewed the taking of prisoners as a hindrance to outright victory, whereas the Maya prioritised the capture of live prisoners and of booty. Because Alvarado and his allies could not understand the Xinca language, Alvarado took extra precautions on the march eastward by strengthening his vanguard and rearguard with ten cavalry apiece. The Maya preferred raiding and ambush to large-scale warfare, using spears, arrows and wooden swords with inset obsidian blades; the Xinca of the southern coastal plain used poison on their arrows. [39] The Manche territory was to the southwest of the Mopan. 298, 310, 386 n19. Arias handed command over to the inexperienced Pedro de Olmos and returned to confront de Orduña. [215] By 1699 the neighbouring Toquegua no longer existed as a separate people because of a combination of high mortality and intermarriage with the Amatique Indians. [48] Many of the Spanish were already experienced soldiers who had previously campaigned in Europe. Work then began on building a highway from the port to the new capital of the colony, modern Antigua Guatemala, following the Motagua Valley into the highlands. [111] The former inhabitants of Iximche were dispersed; some were moved to Tecpán, the rest to Sololá and other towns around Lake Atitlán. [172] This was a serious setback and Alvarado camped his army in Nancintla for eight days, during which time he sent two expeditions against the attacking army. Alvarado's inhumanity to native populations is depicted in v… Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés (1485-1547) traveled to Mexico in 1519, where he eventually overthrew the Aztec empire and helped build Mexico City. [69] In 1666 pestilence or murine typhus swept through what is now the department of Huehuetenango. Why don't libraries smell like bookstores? They managed to catch some locals and used them to send messages to the Tzʼutujil lords, ordering them to submit to the king of Spain. Pedro Alvarado was a friend of Pancho Villa. 765–766. The surrounding towns also surrendered, and December 1530 marked the end of the military stage of the conquest of the Cuchumatanes. [30] The Pipil of Guatemala had their capital at Itzcuintepec. Memorialize Pedro's life with photos and stories about him and the Alvarado family history. [209] He launched a campaign of conquest in the mountainous region dividing Honduras from Guatemala. Gall 1967, p. 41. Other groups soon rebelled however, and by 1526 numerous rebellions had engulfed the highlands. Xocolo became infamous among the Dominican missionaries for the practice of witchcraft by its inhabitants. What the achievements of Pedro de Alvarado? The colonists at San Gil did not prosper, and soon set out in search of a more hospitable location. On 12 February 1524 Alvarado's Mexican allies were ambushed in the pass and driven back by Kʼicheʼ warriors but the Spanish cavalry charge that followed was a shock for the Kʼicheʼ, who had never before seen horses. Seeing the lack of resistance, Alvarado rode ahead with 30 cavalry along the lake shore. The colony of Guatemala at this time consisted only of the highlands and Pacific plain. [121] The expedition against Zaculeu was apparently initiated after Kʼicheʼ bitterness at their failure to contain the Spanish at Qʼumarkaj, with the plan to trap the conquistadors in the city having been suggested to them by the Mam king, Kaybʼil Bʼalam; the resulting execution of the Kʼicheʼ kings was viewed as unjust. INFORPRESSCA 2011. [29] All were Maya groups except for the Pipil, who were a Nahua group related to the Aztecs; the Pipil had a number of small city-states along the Pacific coastal plain of southern Guatemala and El Salvador. Although suffering many injuries inflicted by defending Kʼicheʼ archers, the Spanish and their allies stormed the town and set up camp in the marketplace. Some of these settlements eventually received official recognition, such as San Raimundo near Sacul. 10, 258. Population levels in the Guatemalan Highlands did not recover to their pre-conquest levels until the middle of the 20th century. Morán favoured a more robust approach to the conversion of the Manche and moved Spanish soldiers into the region to protect against raids from the Itza to the north. Further Mesoamerican warriors were recruited from the Zapotec and Mixtec provinces, with the addition of more Nahuas from the Aztec garrison in Soconusco. Restall and Asselbergs 2007, p. 3. He had a twin sister named Sara and brothers named Gomez, Juan, Gonzalo, and Jorge. Surviving Itza and Kowoj were resettled in the new colonial towns by a mixture of persuasion and force. The Spaniards were barely able to organise a defence before the defending army attacked. The defending warriors were described by Alvarado as engaging in fierce hand-to-hand combat using spears, stakes and poisoned arrows. [133], Armed with the knowledge gained from their prisoners, Alvarado sent 40 men to cover the exit from the cave and launched another assault along the ravine from the west, in single file owing to its narrowness, with crossbowmen alternating with soldiers bearing muskets, each with a companion sheltering him from arrows and stones with a shield. [141], In the half century preceding the arrival of the Spanish, the Kaqchikel were frequently at war with the Pipil of Izcuintepeque (modern Escuintla). [73] But Cortés' allies in Soconusco soon informed him that the Kʼicheʼ and the Kaqchikel were not loyal, and were instead harassing Spain's allies in the region. Pedro de Alvarado has the distinction of … All Rights Reserved. He/She participated in the conquest of Cuba (1511) and in 1518 he/she joined Grijalva Yucatán and Mexico expeditions. [183] By this time the remnants of the expedition had been reduced to a few hundred; Cortés succeeded in contacting the Spaniards he was searching for, only to find that Cristóbal de Olid's own officers had already put down his rebellion. [221] The Franciscan missionaries attempted to use their own reinterpretation of the kʼatun prophecies when they visited Nojpetén at this time, to convince the current Aj Kan Ekʼ and his Maya priesthood that the time for conversion had come. The Spanish returned to the Kaqchikel capital on 23 July 1524 and on 27 July (1 Qʼat in the Kaqchikel calendar) Pedro de Alvarado declared Iximche as the first capital of Guatemala, Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala ("St. James of the Knights of Guatemala"). The Tzʼutujil leaders responded by surrendering to Pedro de Alvarado and swearing loyalty to Spain, at which point Alvarado considered them pacified and returned to Iximche. Pedro de Alvarado described how the Mam king Kaybʼil Bʼalam was received with great honour in Qʼumarkaj while he was there. [46], The conquistadors were all volunteers, the majority of whom did not receive a fixed salary but instead a portion of the spoils of victory, in the form of precious metals, land grants and provision of native labour. The following day Gonzalo de Alvarado marched on Huehuetenango and was confronted by a Mam army of 5,000 warriors from nearby Malacatán (modern Malacatancito). Fowler 1985, p. 41. The Itza Maya and other lowland groups in the Petén Basin were first contacted by Hernán Cortés in 1525, but remained independent and hostile to the encroaching Spanish until 1697, when a concerted Spanish assault led by Martín de Ursúa y Arizmendi finally defeated the last independent Maya kingdom. Tzakahá was renamed as San Luis Salcajá. [57] The Spanish were sufficiently impressed by the quilted cotton armour of their Maya enemies that they adopted it in preference to their own steel armour. Although renowned for his skill as a soldier, Alvarado is known also for the cruelty of his treatment of native populations, and mass murders committed in the subjugation of the native peoples of Mexico. The Kaqchikel began to fight the Spanish. When the Europeans arrived in the 14th century, the Mayan civilization was already declining. In the decades before the Spanish invasion the Kaqchikel kingdom had been steadily eroding the kingdom of the Kʼicheʼ. Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 764. [60] In practice, such privileges were easily removed or sidestepped by the Spanish and the indigenous conquistadors were treated in a similar manner to the conquered natives. [44] Maya warriors wore body armour in the form of quilted cotton that had been soaked in salt water to toughen it; the resulting armour compared favourably to the steel armour worn by the Spanish. When he came to a river swollen with the constant torrential rains that had been falling during the expedition, Cortés turned upstream to the Gracias a Dios rapids, which took two days to cross and cost him more horses. [8] His account was finished around 1568, some 40 years after the campaigns it describes. [92] Fearing the great number of Kʼicheʼ warriors gathered outside the city and that his cavalry would not be able to manoeuvre in the narrow streets of Qʼumarkaj, he invited the leading lords of the city, Oxib-Keh (the ajpop, or king) and Beleheb-Tzy (the ajpop kʼamha, or king elect) to visit him in his camp. … Lovell 2005, p. 64. Kaybʼil Bʼalam, seeing that outright victory on an open battlefield was impossible, withdrew his army back within the safety of the walls. Recinos 1952, 1986, p. 84. [106] The causeway was too narrow for the horses, therefore the conquistadors dismounted and crossed to the island before the inhabitants could break the bridges. Cortés decided to despatch Pedro de Alvarado with 180 cavalry, 300 infantry, crossbows, muskets, 4 cannons, large amounts of ammunition and gunpowder, and thousands of allied Mexican warriors from Tlaxcala, Cholula and other cities in central Mexico;[75] they arrived in Soconusco in 1523. [41], Maya warfare was not so much aimed at destruction of the enemy as the seizure of captives and plunder. In 1549, the first reduction (reducción in Spanish) of San Mateo Ixtatán took place, overseen by Dominican missionaries,[151] in the same year the Qʼanjobʼal reducción settlement of Santa Eulalia was founded. [228] The introduction of Catholicism was the main vehicle for cultural change, and resulted in religious syncretism. Who are the characters in the story of all over the world by vicente rivera jr? [217], During the campaign to conquer the Itza of Petén, the Spanish sent expeditions to harass and relocate the Mopan north of Lake Izabal and the Chʼol Maya of the Amatique forests to the east. Recinos, Adrian 1952, 1986, p. 108. In 1586 the Mercedarian Order built the first church in Santa Eulalia. [153], In 1684, a council led by Enrique Enríquez de Guzmán, the governor of Guatemala, decided on the reduction of San Mateo Ixtatán and nearby Santa Eulalia, both within the colonial administrative district of the Corregimiento of Huehuetenango. [38] The Kejache occupied an area north of the lake on the route to Campeche, while the Mopan and the Chinamita had their polities in the southeastern Petén. Pedro de Alvarado passed through Soconusco with a sizeable force in 1523, en route to conquer Guatemala.

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